WhoÔøΩs Kidding Who?

How can I use my interpretation of the story of gifts and talents to help children interpret their own?

Gary WilliamsÔøΩ Gifts and Talents in Education MA Unit, University of Bath. Submitted 26th January 2010

If interpreting was left up to me

IÔøΩd swear every time

That the version aint mine

ThatÔøΩs why itÔøΩs called history – Gil Scott Heron

Abstract

In my last module I argued (Williams, 2010) that teachers should research their personal stories narratively in an attempt to ÔøΩrememberÔøΩ themselves and come to new understandings or meanings for their story. I also expressed my agreement with Clandinin and MurphyÔøΩs claim (2009) that research texts need to arrive at an understanding of ÔøΩexperiences as ÔøΩstoriedÔøΩ phenomena within social, cultural, institutional and linguistic narrativesÔøΩ and support for Baron Coulter and SmithÔøΩs (2009) focus on ÔøΩnarrative researchers as witnesses of injustice and agents of social changeÔøΩ. In light of this, I want to use this module to examine the story of gifted and talented education in order to ÔøΩreviseÔøΩ established notions or practice and attempt a re-visioning of the narrative that ÔøΩlooks againÔøΩ at socially just education by asking:

• Why do we do it this way?
• Who says we should do it this way?
• What are the consequences of doing it this way?
• Are there alternatives?

False Premises and Empty Promises – the social story

For some time now schools have been expected to identify and develop gifted and talented pupils in all curriculum areas. Through this scheme, the Government aimed to bring about a ÔøΩculture shiftÔøΩ towards an education system in which excellence and outstanding achievement were identified, developed and celebrated.

Implicit within this stated aim was an attempt to deflect a predictable charge:

ÔøΩThe idea that all children had the same rights to develop their abilities led too easily to the doctrine that all had the same ability. The pursuit of excellence was too often equated with elitismÔøΩ (DFEE, 1997, p. 11).

This difficult balancing act of articulating a vision of schooling in which high ability was celebrated and supported, whilst deflecting accusations of elitism has become a running theme in advocacy statements from politicians and their agencies. Indeed, a defence against charges of inequality or injustice was written into the opening chapter of the ÔøΩEnglish ModelÔøΩ when Tony Blair first spelt out his vision of gifted and talented education:

ÔøΩWe believe that people should be able to rise by their talents, not by their birth or advantages of privilege. We understand that people are not all born into equal circumstances, so one role of state education is to open up opportunities for all, regardless of their background. This means we need to provide high standards of basics for all, but also recognise the different abilities of different children, and tailor education to meet their needs and develop their potential.ÔøΩ (Tony Blair, 1996, cited in Eyre, 2004)

The strategies and initiatives that have followed this statement offer, or appear to offer, a co-ordinated approach to the support of the ÔøΩmost ableÔøΩ pupils from all backgrounds so that they can achieve their ÔøΩpotential.ÔøΩ Implicit in this ambition is recognition that some pupils face obstacles to their development through no fault of their own whilst the more fortunate circumstances of others present them with a ÔøΩclear run.ÔøΩ Inevitable charges of elitism fail to credit what, I think, is a genuine desire to improve the educational opportunity of socially disadvantaged pupils and ÔøΩnarrow the gapÔøΩ by raising the performance of those who find themselves at the bottom through accidents of circumstance. From my perspective these are laudable ambitions and I have no desire to suggest that policy makers are ÔøΩwrongÔøΩ but I do feel that the premises on which the story of gifted and talented education has been built are themselves drawn from a much older and more ingrained narrative that needs to be revised if we are ever to achieve the desired ending.

White (2006) proposes that concepts of intelligence, as expressed in England and America, and the school curriculum are, and have been, linked at the level of policy for centuries but that:

ÔøΩIf you look for sound supporting arguments behind them, you will be disappointed. There are no solid grounds for innate differences in IQ.ÔøΩ( p. 1).

He goes on to suggest that the roots of the ideas can be traced back to the radical reforms of Protestantism in the sixteenth century and argues that the men responsible for current notions of intelligence shared the same cultural roots and affiliations:

ÔøΩÔøΩGalton was the creator of the notion of intelligence which has been transmittedÔøΩ No one before him had come up with the thought that we all possess different degrees of an ability which is intellectual, general and limited. (p. 25).

Whilst a narrow correlation between intelligence and IQ has been discredited, many educators still believe that children come ÔøΩhard-wiredÔøΩ with combinations of multiple intelligences and, in this, they share GaltonÔøΩs tradition of belief in ability as a matter of original endowment. As White points out, the notion of predestination is a key feature of Calvinism and carries with it a sense that ÔøΩWhere one will end up in life – or after life – is wholly, or largely fixed at birth, whether by God or by nature.ÔøΩ As much as policy makers, for all the right reasons, want to clear the path through life, there is no escaping the echo of, ÔøΩpuritan insistence that individuals are called by God to discover and put to good use the gifts which He has given themÔøΩ through sheer hard work. Embedded in this line of thought, of course, is a dark flip side: that there is no way a person destined for damnation can be saved. Which places the narrative in an even longer narrative genealogy stretching back to biblical original sin.

Questions about the fairness of such a situation have generally been answered in one of three ways; educational need, economic necessity or social justice. Those who argue from an educational perspective assert that providing different opportunities for pupils with accelerated skills is simply a way of meeting individual needs and, as such, is just ÔøΩgood teachingÔøΩ. When pressed on the subject they offer a subsidiary argument that gifted and talented programmes offer a ÔøΩlaboratoryÔøΩ for practice that trickles down to the whole system. Those arguing from a political and economic perspective claim that our nation can ill afford not to develop the ÔøΩbest and brightestÔøΩ lest we lose our standing as a major world power or cease to be on the cutting edge by failing to develop societyÔøΩs future leaders, champions or innovators. This attitude was neatly summed in 2004 up by Deborah Eyre, who headed NAGTY:

ÔøΩA major reason for a dedicated educational focus on gifted and talented pupils is their potential to play a leading role in their adult lives. If England is to be successful in a globalised world then it will need to produce leaders who can compete with the bestÔøΩ (cited in White 2006)

In the old days we had Eton providing for both of these perspectives but times have changed so issues of distributive justice have become the explicit justification. The social justice perspective argues that it is only fair to treat pupils differently, and since schools already provide differentiated programmes for SEN pupils they should further pursue their commitment to equity by providing similarly differentiated programmes to pupils identified as gifted and talented. This woos a few middle-class parents, frustrated about the fact that their child does not get as many resources as the ÔøΩless brightÔøΩ children but ÔøΩshows the persistence within the culture of a certain cast of mind – the belief that oneÔøΩs children are different from the ordinary run of childrenÔøΩ.. The old notions of belonging to an elect and of being rescued from a life of failure are not far in the background. (White p. 142).

Each of the arguments, then, rests fundamentality on the argument that people are just innately different and that we have to provide something different for the innately able to achieve personal and economic success. Within this, however, there are yet more implicit assumptions which, as I see them, are:

• There is such a thing as giftedness; some children have it; we can test for it and, once we have identified it, we can respond to it educationally
• A gifted child is one who can be objectively identified and confidently discriminated from the ungifted child
• Gifted children represent a class of pupils so that we can speak about programmes in a generic or group way
• Success can be objectively identified and applied universally

If these assumptions hold true the policy might still hold merit but is there such a thing as giftedness that holds within its quality the possibility of societyÔøΩs future success? Is there some fair and reliable way of singling out the pupils who possess this quality? Can we be sure that other pupils are not likely to attain this quality? Can we reasonably guarantee that, even if all this is true and the programme ÔøΩworksÔøΩ, we will have succeeded in the sense that we will be ÔøΩbetter offÔøΩ?

Answering yes to these questions depends, to a large degree, on the extent to which one holds with the Calvinist tradition and accepts what both Blair and Eyre take for granted: that it is possible to identify potential. Identifying highly able but under-achieving pupils from under-privileged backgrounds may be a laudable ambition but just how do you identify what a student might achieve? All you can go on is evidence of what the student is doing or has done (which leads you back to actual rather than potential achievement) or focus on some supposed inherent, internal characteristics (which are also only observable now through actual actions and activities the student engages in). Either way, giftedness is no miraculous window to the future and, rather than representing an objective reality, is a social construct, a way of thinking and describing that exists in the eyes of the definer. Decisions about how to define the category, where to make the cut-off points and how to discriminate between those in the category and those outside it are ethical and political decisions that are highly influenced by beliefs and values. As we will see in the linguistic story, things are not as cut and dried as policy makers like to imagine and even the policy makers have been unable to agree a definition for long.

As soon as one points out these false premises or the fact that only a small proportion (8%) of those selected for and benefitting from the National Academy come from the poorest areas (Campbell, 2007, p 103) one runs straight back in to the fairness and meritocracy arguments, however. Gifted and talented education is ÔøΩfairÔøΩ, comes the reply – anyone who ÔøΩscoresÔøΩ highly enough can get in so different treatment must also be fair. It would be un-gentlemanly, poor sportsmanship, just ÔøΩnot cricketÔøΩ to find fault with oneÔøΩs exclusion from a game in which one was eliminated fairly.

The trouble is, even if we accept our dismissal, BlairÔøΩs justifiable concern to develop policies which promote egalitarian practice and allow pupils to achieve regardless of accidents of birth or circumstance actually results in an outcome opposite to the one desired. Social justice will not be advanced by a policy of simply rewarding the talented. As Richard Bailey (2007) has pointed out, policies designed to eradicate luck from the equation have merely increased its significance. Bailey tracks the relationships between luck, effort and reward where (taking away past efforts) the difference between being talented and untalented is taken to be a matter of luck (the equivalent of BlairÔøΩs accident of birth or social circumstance).

Table 1: Relationships between Luck, Effort and Rewards

	Effort: workaholic (W)	Effort: slacker (S)
Luck: talented (T)	Best off	2 nd Best Off
Luck: untalented (U)	3 rd Best Off	Worst Off

Being in group T or U is attributable to luck. Being in group W or S is not. This gives a basis for how to distribute fairly. If we assume that differences in effort should be rewarded but differences in luck should not we can attempt a luck-neutralising arrangement.

Table 2: Luck neutralising distribution associated with talent and effort

Luck	Effort	Unadjusted Rewards	Luck neutralising distribution of rewards
Talented	Workaholic	40	30
Talented	Slacker	30	20
Untalented	Workaholic	20	30
Untalented	Slacker	10	20

The first and third individuals get the same reward because they have put in the same effort despite their different amounts of talent. The same is true of individuals 2 and 4 but individuals 1 and 3 both get a higher reward because their effort is higher.

The policy of providing additional or enhanced opportunities for the most able turns the luck neutralising scenario on its head and results in luck exaggeration.

Table 3: Luck exaggerating distribution associated with talent and effort

Luck	Effort	Unadjusted rewards	Luck exaggerating distribution of rewards
Talented	Workaholic	40	45
Talented	Slacker	30	35
Untalented	Workaholic	20	15
Untalented	Slacker	10	5

In this scenario it is talent that is rewarded rather than effort and the redistribution of rewards favours those already benefitting from luck. In other words the consequence of gifted and talented policy is to do precisely the reverse of what might be expected of a policy founded on social justice. And all this is, as yet, to say nothing about the concept of success!

WhatÔøΩs In A Name? - the linguistic story

If we are not to ÔøΩtrust to luckÔøΩ by rewarding our most able pupils differentially how might we go about ensuring that excellence is encouraged? Although I think the premises on which policy has been built are flawed, I do sympathise with the fundamental attitude that all pupils should be encouraged to ÔøΩmake the most of themselves.ÔøΩ A start may be to get back to rewarding effort but this still does not help us in the difficult business of identifying and delivering what each individual needs. I believe a way forward might be to help each individual define those needs for them self instead of giving them a programme or an answer but to do that we need to explore difficult questions of ÔøΩself-definitionÔøΩ and individuality.

When I was a child we had lots of names for the kids who were good at school stuff. I am rather ashamed now to admit that among my personal favourites were creep, swot and teacherÔøΩs pet. More recently I have witnessed words like geek and keener slip into childrenÔøΩs everyday vocabulary and watched in horror as pupils with ability in certain areas do all they can to hide that ability so as to ÔøΩfit inÔøΩ with their peers. The most common reaction to this state of affairs, in my experience, is to blame the pupils for labelling others negatively and attempt to raise the ÔøΩself-esteemÔøΩ of able pupils by convincing them that they are ÔøΩworthyÔøΩ in their own right. As far as it goes, this reaction is to be applauded but it fails to take account of a more significant perspective.

When I was growing up the Aristotelian tradition taught me that objects and phenomena have essence or identity: they are things in their own right and free from contradiction in as much as they are either ÔøΩthis or thatÔøΩ. Gifted and talented programmes perpetuate this tradition by defining children as either ÔøΩthis or thatÔøΩ, ÔøΩgifted or ungiftedÔøΩ. Once a child has been classified as the gifted ÔøΩthisÔøΩ or ungifted ÔøΩthatÔøΩ, the ÔøΩself-defenceÔøΩ mechanism kicks in and they position themselves accordingly. Those who feel the injustice of being excluded from the ÔøΩthisÔøΩ and defined as ÔøΩthatÔøΩ assert their ÔøΩselfÔøΩ by re-defining ÔøΩthisÔøΩ in negative terms. This forces the children the Government want to call ÔøΩidentifiedÔøΩ gifted to recognise that they are being ÔøΩdefinedÔøΩ as gifted and make an active choice about which ÔøΩself-definitionÔøΩ they want: do they want to ÔøΩget with the programmeÔøΩ by positioning themselves alongside ÔøΩthisÔøΩ or do they want to position themselves alongside ÔøΩthatÔøΩ by refusing to engage with the official story.

Things, then, are not as simple as peer pressure being wrong because it forces gifted pupils to construct negative self-images. To think that is to be blind to the ÔøΩofficial pressureÔøΩ that is competing to define the selves of all pupils. The problem is not so much in the name (gifted = good, keener = bad) as in the constant naming: the fixation on (fixed) categories that causes us to lose sight of processes and relationships. This is the continuing Aristotelian ÔøΩofficial pressureÔøΩ that, in the very act of re-naming the gifted as an act of resistance, members of ÔøΩthatÔøΩ group demonstrate has infected the entire system.

Limited as the pupilsÔøΩ resistance is, however, it is still more productive than the official story because it does, at least, offer an admittedly confined choice of self. More importantly, it also expresses recognition (re-cognition?) that there are stories competing for our self and (in its ÔøΩWhatever you say I am, I am notÔøΩ attitude) begins to chip away at the root of the problem. This makes the pupils far more self-aware, far more self-enhancing and far more positive in the construction of self-images or self-esteem than any number of ÔøΩhoorayÔøΩ words the Government or teachers want to attach to a definition of self that has been constructed by authority figures and imposed on an individual in the process of ÔøΩidentification.ÔøΩ Identification is not (as it is often taken by teachers to be) a process of ÔøΩspottingÔøΩ someone. It is a process of constructing an identity and, in ÔøΩidentifyingÔøΩ where they want to position themselves, pupils are doing all they can to construct an identity of their own. Given all of the above, it is little wonder that well-meaning teachers fail to convince gifted pupils to get back with the programme, ignore peer pressure and appreciate that they are ÔøΩworthyÔøΩ in their own right. The programme simply doesnÔøΩt value the self as highly as the pupils do. Gifted and ungifted pupils alike can see this precisely because none of them are stupid.

Sadly, for all the pretence to the contrary in other areas of Government rhetoric, schools continue to face ÔøΩofficial pressureÔøΩ to ignore this pupil voice through demands that they identify 5-10% of their pupil population as gifted and talented and through measures by which Ofsted evaluate their performance. A quick trawl through the language of official reports, however, shows that the official story is far from clear or consistent. The terminology in the table below is drawn from Ofsted reports or official data reports such as Raiseonline for schools I have been associated with and the objections are my understandings of why terminology changed.

Official terminology	Objection
More able	More than who? Ability to do what?
Higher attaining	Introduces a comparative measurement but says nothing about the effort involved
High achieving	Shows an appreciation of effort but doesnÔøΩt address the ÔøΩstandardsÔøΩ, ÔøΩimprovementÔøΩ or ÔøΩdeficitÔøΩ agenda
Potentially high achieving	Addresses ÔøΩcoastingÔøΩ performance but begs a question about how to judge ÔøΩpotentialÔøΩ
More able	Back where we started because, try as we might, we just canÔøΩt get away from a belief that some people are just better than others

This linguistic wriggling reflects a confusion that has been at the heart of Government policy since Tony Blair first spelt out the vision in 1996 (previously cited). We saw in the social story how efforts to define potential rest on a fundamental(ist?) belief in a ÔøΩGod-givenÔøΩ, ÔøΩNaturalÔøΩ ability that is encoded in the very word ÔøΩGiftedÔøΩ and we meet the same old story in the standards agenda. Even worse, it now includes an element of ÔøΩthisÔøΩ and ÔøΩthatÔøΩ as success becomes a measure of how well schools and pupils are fulfilling some sort of ÔøΩstandardisedÔøΩ potential. But whose standards are being used to judge? Who says that meeting them counts as success? And why should we assume that being successful equates to progress or improvement? The pop singer Jarvis Cocker said:

ÔøΩThe celebrity thing is a big factor, a big myth in our society. I think itÔøΩs almost like, without getting too pompous about it, itÔøΩs almost like something to believe in, isnÔøΩt it, itÔøΩs like heaven, itÔøΩs like believing in going to heaven, itÔøΩs like thinking 'God, if I get famous, everything is going to be alright'.ÔøΩ (Newsnight interview with Kirsty Wark BBC4, Oct 28th, 2005)

The pub translation ÔøΩCelebrity is the new HeavenÔøΩ, I think communicates the sentiments more pithily. The cultural phenomenon of X Factor and (more pertinently) BritainÔøΩs Got Talent attest to the popularity of this belief despite occasional reminders from people like Amy Winehouse that when you get there it is a living hell. The big question surrounding names in the field of education is; success in the name of what? Greed? Power? Vanity? I donÔøΩt think so.

So WhatÔøΩs Your View? - the personal story

In his latest e-mail to me, Jack Whitehead points out that the abstracts to Clandinin and MurphyÔøΩs (2009) and Baron Coulter and SmithÔøΩs (2009) research narratives, ÔøΩOmit the expression of an educational researcherÔøΩs educational responsibility to constitute their research as ÔøΩeducationalÔøΩ.ÔøΩ For me, something is educational if it assists the meaning-making process and educational knowledge is the result of reading/interpreting/inquiring into educational stories. My reading of the story of gifted and talented education has led me to the conclusion that it is anti-educational because it is unjust and because it deprives pupils of the right to make meaning of their own stories by classifying selves in the process of identification. Further, I believe the story of gifted and talented education is part of and supportive of a much bigger story in which wealth and privilege are justified on the grounds that some people are ÔøΩsuperiorÔøΩ to others. Further still, its insistence on ÔøΩNaturalÔøΩ ability is a refutation of human/social/economic relationships and its denial of the possibility for change is, in itself, a preservation of the status quo. The sum total, for me, is a story in which the ÔøΩgiftsÔøΩ are most categorically not ÔøΩsharedÔøΩ and this makes it an anti-educational story that, despite the best intentions of its creators, I donÔøΩt want to share with anyone.

In place of this anti-educational story we need to look away from traditional notions of ability and success and stress the individual development and growth of the self. As Heng (2003) points out,

ÔøΩFor too long the dominant emphasis in education has been on achievement, on what the child is able to do rather than on who the child really is.ÔøΩ

It is high time we moved away from factory style education towards a model that views success in the more personal terms of self-fulfilment. Paradoxically, this would not lead to a concentration on self-centred or selfish individuals because each student would be encouraged to examine questions of meaning and purpose as they engage in perpetual re-shaping of the self. Self fulfilment doesnÔøΩt mean that pupils think only of themselves or that they donÔøΩt get involved in relationships. ÔøΩIÔøΩ is nothing without ÔøΩweÔøΩ and, as White says, ÔøΩPersonal fulfilment is no rival to concern for others. If we conceive it aright, they are inseparable.ÔøΩ

A self or life centred story, as Heng demonstrates, would be grounded in self-actualisation and value students for their uniqueness rather than their ability to achieve standardised measures.  The emphasis would be on the ÔøΩinner agendaÔøΩ and the meaning-making process to produce students with a purposeful direction.  To do this we would have to encourage children to question answers instead of expecting them to answer questions and we would need to get away from a ÔøΩthis and thatÔøΩ mentality in order to engage individual pupils in a personal search for meaning.  Heng goes on to point out that ÔøΩHelping children discover and create their life themes as opposed to living life scripted by society,ÔøΩ will not be easy but ÔøΩit is perhaps timely to consider it a moral responsibility, on our part, to guide children in their first steps as they journey pluralistic paths of excellence that begin and emanate not so much from without, but from within the individual.ÔøΩ 

To meet that moral responsibility gifted and talented educators must ask the same big questions of themselves that they wish to encourage in their pupils. Gifted and talented education itself must take on a new meaning away from instrumental ends and towards ongoing questions, driven by values, about what constitutes success. This means not living life scripted by society and feeling that we are successful just because we have met someone elseÔøΩs ÔøΩsuccess criteriaÔøΩ of 50% level 5 in English or whatever. It means deciding what ÔøΩgoodÔøΩ or ÔøΩoutstandingÔøΩ or ÔøΩachievementÔøΩ or ÔøΩsuccessÔøΩ means for our self and helping our pupils to do the same. Strangely, if we did this, I have a strong suspicion that the policy makers would be less, not more, likely to impose their script precisely because we would be demonstrating that we are acting responsibly and, consequently, could be trusted to get on with it on our own.

Derrida (1990) coined the term ÔøΩdifferenceÔøΩ to refer both to the operational difference between terms to create meaning and to refer to the notion of infinite deferral of total explanation, where the signifier is never directly connected to the signified. Our pupils seem to be instinctively aware of this when they resist the application of the signifier ÔøΩgiftedÔøΩ. All facts, theories and truth claims are dependent on factors that are absent (deferred or silenced) and, in the case of gifted and talented education, my knowledge of its oppressive character rests with a recognition of the absent ÔøΩungifted and untalentedÔøΩ. Derrida points out that any ÔøΩsystemÔøΩ cannot be self-enclosing but must have a ÔøΩsurplusÔøΩ which is beyond the explanation of that system. This, I think, is DerridaÔøΩs contribution to knowledge. I have attempted to make a start on exploring the surplus surrounding gifted and talented education but I recognise that to present my own interpretation as ÔøΩfactÔøΩ or ÔøΩtruthÔøΩ would be to ignore absent voices. One system cannot be replaced with another. Instead, amidst the rubble I have created of gifted and talented education, I hope our beliefs and values can find a meeting place from where we can begin the construction of a more liberated and pluralised educational story that is more meaningful and fulfilling for ourselves and the selves of all our pupils. That, I think, might be an educational story worth sharing.

References

Barone, T. (2009) Comments on Coulter and Smith: Narrative Researchers as Witnesses of Injustice and Agents of Social Change? Educational Researcher 2009 38: 591-597.

Bailey, R (2007) Talent Development and the Luck Problem: in Sport, Ethics and Philosophy vol 1, Issue 3, Dec 2007

Blair, T (1996) cited in Eyre, D (2004) Gifted Education: The English Model. Coventry, NAGTY

Campbell, RJ, Muijs, RD, Neelands, JGA, Robinson, W, Eyre, D, and Hewston, R (2007) The Social Origins of Students Identified as Gifted and Talented in England; a geo-demographic analysis. Oxford Review of Education, vol 33, issue 1

Clandinin, J. D. & Murphy, M. S. (2009) Comments on Coulter and Smith: Relational Ontological Commitments in Narrative Research, Educational Researcher 2009 38: 598-602.

Derrida, J (1990) Writing and Difference. London: Routledge

DFEE (1977) Excellence in Schools. London: The Stationery Office

Heng, M A, Beyond School in Search of Meaning: in Borland, J. (Ed.) (2003) Rethinking Gifted Education. New York; Teachers College Press.

White, J. (2006) Intelligence, Destiny and Education: The ideological roots of intelligence testing. London; Routledge

Williams, G. (2010) A View From The Field: How can my knowledge be of use to other teachers? MA Educational Enquiry Unit, University of Bath, under examination.